Tag Archive: Apollo


Hades and Kerberos - from Meyers Konversationslexikon - 1888

Hades and Kerberos - from Meyers Konversationslexikon - 1888

In Greek mythology, Hades was probably the most feared of all gods compared to his brothers Zeus and Poseidon, and with good reason too. He was the god who presided over the netherworld and was also the custodian of the dead. He had a stern unrelenting demeanour to go with the job, and this precluded any attempts at worshipping or even requesting favours from him. Therefore there weren’t any temples to his name as there were for his more amiable siblings. Hades didn’t seem to mind all this too much and his major pre-occupation was to keep his subjects, the dead souls, from leaving his kingdom. He had state-of-the art technology of the day guarding the entrance of the netherworld. This would include the ferocious three-headed dog which stood guard, and the dark, murky river Styx which could not be forded without a ferry. And the ferry guide was none other than the cranky Charon, who really couldn’t be bothered helping anyone escape.

Now this is not the kind of bio-data that would attract prospective brides and Hades was not one given to denial. So when the time came for him to find a bride, he planted a pomegranate tree in a meadow frequented by the naïve and the nubile, and then proceeded to bide his time. He didn’t have to wait long for there came fair Persephone, the daughter of Zeus and Demeter, along with a bevy of beautiful nymphs. She saw the beautiful pomegranate and did what any self-respecting young girl would do—reach out and grab. As she did so Hades sprang out from the fruit, loaded her and the fruit onto his horse and was gone before her companions could say, “Bad Hades!”

Well there was a witness to this vile deed, none other than Apollo himself on his chariot up in the sky. The thought probably crossed his mind, ” Now why didn’t I think of that?” and he proceeded to inform Demeter about the series of unfortunate events. She went into a rage, and when all efforts to recover her daughter failed to yield fruit, she cursed the earth with a dry spell that caused all vegetation to dry up and yield no fruit. Now Zeus was worried. This was bad, really bad, for the earth was his realm and his reputation was at stake. So he intervened and soon they reached a compromise where Persephone would spent two thirds of a year with her mother and a third with Hades. Everyone was happy and the earth bloomed again. And Zeus heaved a sigh of relief.

Gilded bronze Roman "Hercules of the Theatre of Pompey", found near the Theatre of Pompey in 1864, (Vatican Museums, Rome)

Gilded bronze Roman "Hercules of the Theatre of Pompey", found near the Theatre of Pompey in 1864, (Vatican Museums, Rome)

Hercules is the Roman name for the Greek hero Herakles or Heracles; the Romans adopted the Greek stories about Heracles essentially unchanged, adding only a bit of anecdotal detail of their own. 

Hercules is a god with a difference. He started out a mortal, and then joined the ranks of the gods in Olympus. What sets him apart would have to be his immense strength, courage, intelligence, and integrity. He is more hero than god and is even today one of the most popular and remembered of all mythical gods. He is in fact, the only god chosen by Disney to be immortalised as an animated feature, even though it was distorted beyond all recognition. That should count for something.

He was born Heracles to the mortal woman Alcmene and you guessed right, Zeus when on one of his dishonourable escapades. This time he took the form of her husband Amphitryon, who was away at war and fathered Hercules. Apparently Amphitryon returned later that day, and she had to go through the motions a second time, and this resulted in the birth of another son Iphicles a day later, known as the brother of Hercules. The Greek name Heracles gave way to the more popular Roman version which has endured to this day.

The news of the birth of yet another love child reached the tired ears of Hera, the wife of Zeus and she once again set off on one of her jealous wife trips. She sent two poisonous snakes to the crib of the babe which the aforementioned babe squeezed to death and played with till he grew weary and took a nap. Hera threatened, “I’ll be back,” and continued to torment Hercules right into his adulthood. The handsome young man soon met and married Megara, the daughter of King Creon, while on of his expeditions and they soon had a happy family saga going.

But Hera had neither forgotten nor forgiven Hercules the sins of his father, and send a frenzy to haunt him. This caused him to kill his family and rant like a madman. When he came out of his frenzy the poor chap went out of his mind with remorse. On the verge of suicide he appealed to Apollo for guidance and was told to do penance by performing twelve tasks for Eurystheus who was a distant relative. Hercules completed every one of them exhibiting great strength, presence of mind, and patience.

He was absolved of his crime and went on to marry Deianira in a bid to start a new life. But a robe she presented him doused in what she believed was a love potion, eventually poisoned him and he was in a great deal of pain. It proved intolerable for him and he stepped into a burning pyre to end his misery. But Zeus intervened and decided enough was enough. He brought him up to Olympus, implored Hera to leave him alone, and proceeded to crown him immortal.

The Diana of Versailles, a Roman copy of a Greek sculpture by Leochares. (Louvre Museum)

The Diana of Versailles, a Roman copy of a Greek sculpture by Leochares. (Louvre Museum)

Artemis is the daughter of Zeus, twin sister of Apollo, and a totally independent goddess who chose to remain an eternal virgin. While the behaviour of most nymphs and goddesses would give feminists a wedgie, Artemis is one who’s right up their alley. Her fearless actions, especially of tearing up young men into pieces before breakfast, would have them cheer from the sidelines, “You go, girl!”

In spite of her wild cat image, Artemis is supposed to be the goddess of childbirth and protector of vulnerable young women. She is said to have aided her mother in delivering her twin brother just minutes after she herself was born. On growing older she is seen as one quick to respond to injustice and is always at hand to aid her brother. When asked what she wanted from her father she demanded a bow and silver arrows that caused no pain to hone her hunting skills, freedom to dress as she pleased and not be confined in feminine attire that restricted movement, sixty nymphs or priestesses to obey her commands, all the mountains to be her domain, the primary job of bringing light into the world, and that she be not pressurised into matrimony. This probably blew Zeus’ mind, but he agreed to all of her demands.

Diana and Callisto by Titian

Diana and Callisto by Titian

So off she went into the woods to live a life of freedom with her nymphs, hunting dogs, wild beasts, and nature. She is known as the goddess of the hunt, the moon, the woods, as well as childbirth and fruitfulness. She abhorred the presence of males and any who approached or attempted to ravish any of her nymphs met with horrible fates.

The oft- repeated tale of Actaeon is a perfect example of her misandry. He was on a happy hunting trip with his faithful hounds when he happened to see her bathe in a stream deep inside the woods. Now those acquainted with her would have an inking of the consequences if discovered, and make a quick getaway. But this hapless chap just stood and stared, totally mesmerised by the ravishing beauty of the goddess. She turned, she saw, she lost it. In her anger she turned him into a stag by splashing water on him. His dogs no longer knew him and made short work of him. And all he did was look, not that it should be condoned, but a slap in the face would’ve sufficed to break him out of his reverie and teach him some manners. But Artemis was not the goddess of second chances.

2nd century AD Roman statue of Apollo depicting the god's attributes - the lyre and the Python snake

2nd century AD Roman statue of Apollo depicting the god's attributes - the lyre and the Python snake

When someone is said to resemble a Greek god , the god in question is Apollo, even though the speaker may not be aware of it. This alludes to his chiselled good looks, athletic body, and curly golden hair if not the amorous life-style that this would automatically entail. Apollo was born to Zeus and his lady love Leto after a very difficult pregnancy brought about by the horrific jealous anger of the missus Hera. Zeus’ legally wedded wife had every right to be angry, but she went all out after Leta and would not allow her to give birth on terra firma. So Leta wandered around till she came to the island of Delos which was not exactly terra firma since it was floating around. Having found her way around that one, she was now denied the assistance of Ilythia, the goddess of childbirth. But she managed to bribe her with a necklace and finally gave birth to Apollo and his twin sister Artemis.

The twins were very devoted to the mother and within four days of being born Apollo set about taking revenge on all who had given his mother a hard time, starting with the oracular dragon Python. He then took over from the dragon the business of prophesying at Delphi. Besides this he was also the god of the sun, music, poetry, dance, healing, and archery; the destroyer of pests such as rats and locusts, and the herder of sheep. He was known to appear in the form of a dolphin and had a soft corner for swans. He is normally depicted as holding or having around him a lyre, a crown of laurel leaves, bow and arrows, and a tripod which stood for his prophetic powers.

Apollo and Hyacinthus

Apollo and Hyacinthus by Jacopo Caraglio; 16th c. Italian engraving

Like his father Zeus, he had a love for the ladies which made for a rather interesting biography. His great love for Daphne which she repulsed with equal fervour, found her turned into a laurel tree when he forcibly tried to embrace her. He plucked a few leaves off the tree, wore it on his head to pacify his broken heart, and proceeded on to other pursuits that didn’t have arboreal endings. Another conquest was Hecuba who bore him a son, Troilus. The fact that she was married to King Priam of Troy didn’t seem to matter much. In fact, Apollo pioneered new boundaries in permissibility and went on to seduce Cassandra her daughter with Priam. Cassandra bargained to be taught the powers of prophecy in return for her favours. Apollo proceeded to do so with all sincerity but then the lady changed her mind. The furious god cursed her with what we today know as Cassandra’s prophecy, where nobody believes a doomsday warning till it has come to pass.

All this probably caused the young god to lose faith in women and he is said to have turned his amorous attention to young men such as Hyacinthus and Cyparissus. He didn’t have much luck here either and these ended tragically as well. And so we have the hyacinth flower and the cypress tree to commemorate their sad fates to this day.